I can help a bit, but I'll have to let someone else fill in the blanks.
Corner: The edge of the screen. If you push someone into the corner, or do a corner combo on them, they are trapped on the edge of the screen and cannot back up any further.
Punishing: Making someone eat a combo after they do something stupid. For example, if a Scorpion player keeps teleporting on you, block and punish with a big combo.
Staggering: ...
Buffering: ...
Fuzzy Block: To the best of my understanding (please correct me if I'm wrong), it's when you block low, then high, but your animation doesn't change and it appears onscreen that you are still blocking low.
Dash Cancel: When inputting a special, like Stryker's Gun, hold down the final button. If you release, the gun fires. If you dash while holding, the special doesn't happen.
I'm sure there are others as well, but it's late, and I'm tired. =P